If the setup time of a flip-flop is violated, what is the most likely outcome?
Setup time is the minimum time data must be stable before the clock edge.
If violated, the flip-flop does not have enough time to correctly latch the data — it may capture the wrong value or enter metastability, where the output is neither a clean 0 nor 1 for an unpredictable duration. This is one of the most fundamental timing concepts in digital design.
